Keywords
disturbances
permanence
adaptability
transformation
How to Cite
Abstract
Climate change continuously affects the agricultural system, primarily impacting small-scale productions (SSPs), as they depend mainly on natural resources for production. They constantly experience environmental, social, and economic disturbances. Therefore, it is essential to understand the response of small-scale producers to these disturbances. This work aims to determine the resilience capacity of SSPs in Ixtlahuaca, State of Mexico, by analyzing 70 SSPs in constant exposure using a composite resilience indicator. The disturbances that have the most significant impact are unemployment and drought. As a result, four resilience levels were identified based on the employed strategies. The majority of productions belong to those with the capacity for persistence (41, 59 %), followed by those in the process of adaptation (18, 26 %), transformation occurring to a lesser degree (8, 11 %), and those without resilience (3, 4 %). In conclusion, resilience provides a variety of strategies to deal with uncertainty through decision-making, the presence of which is essential.
References
Asfaw,S., Pallante, G. y Palma, A. (2018). Diversification Strategies and Adaptation Deficit: Evidence from Rural Communities in Niger. World Development. 101: 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.004
Ashkenazy, A., Chebach, T., Knickel, K., Peter, S., Horowitz, B., y Offenbach, R. (2018). Operationalising resilience in farms and rural regions – Findings from fourteen case studies. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 211-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.07.008
Bahta, T., y Myeki, V. (2021). Adaptation, coping strategies and resilience of agricultural drought in South Africa: implication for the sustainability of livestock sector. Heliyon, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08280
Barua, A., Katyaini, S., Mili, B., y Gooch, P. (2014). Cambio climático y pobreza: construcción de la resiliencia de las comunidades rurales de montaña en el sur de Sikkim, Himalaya oriental, India. Reg Environ Change, 14, 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0471-1
Beitnes, S., Kopainsky, B., y Potthoff, K. (2022). Climate change adaptation processes seen through a resilience lens: Norwegian farmers’ handling of the dry summer of 2018. Environmental Science & Policy, 133, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.03.019
Brzezina, N., Kopainsky B., y Mathijs, E. (2016). Can Organic Farming Reduce Vulnerabilities and Enhance the Resilience of the European Food System? A Critical Assessment Using System Dynamics Structural Thinking Tools. Sustainability, 8 (10), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100971
Bueno, P., y Schiavetti, A. (2019). The influence of fisherman scale in the resilience of socio-ecological systems: An analysis using Q methodology. Ocean & Coastal Management, 169, 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.008
Chambers, R. (1995). Rural appraisal: Rapid, relaxed and participatory, Discussion Paper 311, Brighton. https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/Dp311.pdf [Archivo PDF].
Choptiany, J., Phillips, S., Graeub, B., Colozza, D., Settle, W., Herren, B., y Batello, C. (2016): SHARP: integrating a traditional survey with participatory self-evaluation and learning for climate change resilience assessment. Climate and Development, 19(11), 1-13 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2016.1174661
Chuang, W., Garmestani, A., Eason, T., Spanbauer, T., Fried-Petersen, H., Roberts, C.,… Allen, R. (2018). Enhancing quantitative approaches for assessing community resilience. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.083
Copeland, S., Comes,T., Bach, S., Nagenborg, M., Schulte, Y. y Doorn, N. (2020) Measuring social resilience: Trade-offs, challenges and opportunities for indicator models in transforming societies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101799.
Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (2012). La agricultura sostenible en pequeña escala: alimentar al mundo, proteger el planeta [Archivo PDF] http://santic.rds.hn/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/La-agricultura-sostenible-en-pequena-escala.pdf
Fleming, R., Ysasi, N., Harley, D., y Bishop, M. (2018). Resilience and Strengths of Rural Communities. In: Harley, D., Ysasi, N., Bishop, M., Fleming, R. (eds) Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings, (pp. 117-136) Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_7
Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T. y Rockström, J. (2010) Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 20. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/
Folke, C. (2016). Resilience (republished). Ecology and Society, 21(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09088-210444
Gobierno del Estado de México (2016) Mapa Municipal de Ixtlahuaca. 1:46,000. [Mapa].
Henly, S., Zommers, Z., Levine, E. y Abrahams, A. (2018). Chapter 23. Climate-Resilient Development in Fragile Contexts. En Z. Zommers y K. Alverson. (Ed.), Resilience. The Science of Adaptation to Climate Change, (p.p. 279-290). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-02121-6
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (15 de marzo 2022). Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ena/2019/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (18 de marzo 2022). Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2010/
Jones, S., Krzywoszynska, A. y Maye, D. (2022). Resilience and transformation: Lessons from the UK local food sector in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Geographical Journal, 188, 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12428.
Keshavarz, M y Soltani, R. (2021). Assessing rural households' resilience and adaptation strategies to climate variability and change. Journal of Arid Environments, 184, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104323
Kuhmonen, I. (2020). The resilience of Finnish farms: Exploring the interplay between agency and structure. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 360-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.012
Lamichhane, P., Miller, K., Hadjikakou, M., y Bryan, B. (2020). Resilience of smallholder cropping to climatic variability. Science of The Total Environment, 719, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137464
Le Goff, U. Sander, A., Hernandez, M. Lagana, Barjolle, D., Phillips, S. y Six, J. (2022). Raising up to the climate challenge. Understanding and assessing farmers strategies to build their resilience. A comparative analysis between Ugandan and Swiss farmers. Journal of Rural Studies, 89, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.10.020
Meuwissen, M., Feindt, P., Spiegel, A., Termeer, C., Mathijs, E., De Mey, Y.,… Reidsma, P. (2019).A framework to assess the resilience of farming systems. Agricultural Systems, 176, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102656
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (2008). Manual sobre la Construcción de Indicadores Compuestos: Metodología y Usuario. Guía. París: Publicaciones de la OCDE [Archivo PDF] https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/3661/1/S2009230_es.pdf
Rathi, A. (2022). Is Agrarian Resilience limited to Agriculture? Investigating the “farm” and “non-farm” processes of Agriculture Resilience in the rural. Journal of Rural Studies, 93, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.12.015
Urruty, N., Tailliez-Lefebvre, D. y Huyghe, C. (2016). Stability, robustness, vulnerability and resilience of agricultural systems. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev, 36, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0347-5
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. (2019). Climatología. Resúmenes mensuales de temperaturas y lluvias. https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/es/climatologia/temperaturas-y-lluvias/resumenes-mensuales-de-temperaturas-y-lluvias
Slijper, T., de Mey, Y., Poortvliet, P., y Meuwissen, P. (2022). Quantifying the resilience of European farms using FADN. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 49(1), 121–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab042
Williams, T., Guikema, D., Brown, D., y Agrawal, A. (2020). Resilience and equity: Quantifying the distributional effects of resilience-enhancing strategies in a smallholder agricultural system. Agricultural Systems, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102832
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista de Geografía Agrícola