-

It is not the crisis of Brazil. It is the crisis of the capitalist world-system. A critical interpretation of the current crisis The aim of this article is to design significant criteria for stablishing differences between the crisis of Brazil and the crisis in Brazil. Through the historical perspective, the theory of change developed by the New Era Network Paradigm for the Institutional Innovation in Latin America has been used to understand the phenomenon of vulnerability-sustainability.   Primarily, instead of evaluating the protests as political and social “facts”, we need to question their interpretations: including their meanings and implications. So that, Brazil has been used as a unit of analysis, as if it existed independently of the capitalist world system but its systemic crisis affects all the countries around the world.   What is important to keep in mind is that a crisis of Brazil implies political, programmatic, priority, and strategic measures distinct from those demanded of a crisis in Brazil. Viewing the capitalist world system and its systemic crisis from an interpretive frame, this essay breaks with the -USA-Eurocentric geopolitics of knowledge in which the interpretative functionalism should be convenient for the same system.

There are different theoretical approaches that pretend to analyze the agricultural labour markets in Mexico. Most of them were presented taking industry and spheres as reference. At the same time, for decades the presented arguments leaved out important analytical elements as gender, age and ethnic background. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the four principal theoretical approaches (the classical theory, the neoclassical theory, the Marxist theory and the dual labor market theory). There are also presented the principal theoretical improvements about de question in the last years.

One of the most outstanding changes in the dynamic of life of rural families is the increasing insertion of woman in labor markets, as agriculture workers or “jornaleras”, as well as the new roles inside the family. In this paper we discuss the “reproduction strategy” concept as an analytical alternative to study and analyze change inside rural families were woman has been incorporated to labor markets as “jornaleras”. Our main objective is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the “reproduction strategy” focus in relation to the “jornaleras” and the dynamic on rural families. We have organized the paper as follow: a brief presentation fallowed by the methodology, later we discuss the changes in woman rols inside rural families, once we documented the phenomenon of incorporation of women into the labor market condition of “jornaleras”, we continue with the use and development of the “reproduction strategy” concept in Latin America, later we present our reflections about the analytic capacities of the “reproduction strategy” in relation to family dynamics which occurs with the incorporation of women as jornaleras, later we discuss the scopes and limitations of the concept and finally our conclusions.

The Mixteca Oaxaqueña is one of the poorest and most marginalized regions of Mexico, is important to study alternatives for local development, this research he had as general objective an analysis of the situation of the Cooperative Society in the Mixteca region of Oaxaca and taxation, is a qualitative and quantitative research with exploratory mixed transectional approach is used in principle the method of legal doctrine for the study of legal regulation; General Law of Cooperative Societies and Income Tax and as a second analytical method for statistical review provided by the National Statistics Directory of Economic Units of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, and Database Cooperative Societies Production and Services of the Secretary of Labor, Oaxaca. To know the situation of the cooperative in that region, the cooperative is chosen for its wealth lies mainly in its differences with commercial companies based on principles opposed to capitalism.

The aim of this essay is to demonstrate that, despite the water wealth in the Huasteca Potosina, there are localities, especially rural, with no access to water in adequate quantity and quality. To do surveys and field trips were conducted in four communities in the Huasteca Potosina, through which it is shown that the water wealth of this region does not result in compliance with the basic access to water quality and quantity sufficient for such communities. On the other hand, from data of water quality it shows that she is polluted with heavy metals and fecal coliform levels above Mexican health standards, which threatens the inhabitants thereof, and reveals the government’s permissiveness. It is concluded that the alleged lack of financial resources is used to argue inaccessibility to water and this creates the conditions for the plunder and privatization of access to water rights.

The year 2014 was declared by the United Nations (ONU) as the year of family farming. The above declaration states that “Family farming and small farms are an important basis for sustainable food production aimed at achieving food security,” as well as recognizing the important contribution they make to the achievement of food security, poverty eradication, management of natural resources, environment protection, and achieving a desirable sustainable development, particularly in rural areas. This initiative is evidence of the growing awareness on the negative environmental, social and cultural impact that certain practices of modern agriculture have, leading us to consider the need for a change towards a more sustainable agricultural model (Gliessman, 2002).