This investigation discusses in a comparative manner the Presidential Declarations of Protected Natural Areas (1899-2000) in Mexico, with special emphasis on National Parks and Biosphere Reserves. It examines the relevant external and internal aspects of the geographic region, the six-year period, setting boundaries, availability and use of public lands, the institution responsible for its administration and the legal framework. Also it contemplates involving the owners of the natural resources that may be limiting their use and if proposed actions to improve them.We found that in these period 42 categories of Protected Natural Areas predominantly Protective Forest Reserves and National Parks have been used but most of them were scattered, fragmented and cyclical. Our report developed a classification system that located in time a range of environmental issues in our national geography either protection, conservation or preservation but also allowed us to differentiate large stages of environmental issues in our country has passed through.We conclude that if inclusive environmental issues do not open up to natural resource owners, bankers, industrialists etc. the degradation of natural resources will be very difficult to stop or mitigate.

Coffee is one of the most economically important crops in Mexico. It is grown in 15 states, but Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz account for 83% of the total national area planted (781,016 ha). The high prices and the reduction in yields have forced coffee growers to seek strategies to compensate for economic losses. One option is diversifying to other crops such as vegetables, staple crops, fruits, timber, ornamental plants, and even animals. Ornamental horticulture is one of the strategies coffee farmers have chosen because it is a growing area. In Veracruz although this industry is relatively new it has not gone unnoticed, and has attracted interest in coffee communities. Research was conducted in the community of La Sidra, Atzacan. Veracruz state’s main goals are to characterize and evaluate the diversification of the production units where coffee and ornamentals are grown. Four basic modes of production were identified: (1)Diversification with coffee, ornamental plants and sugar cane, (2) a Diversification of mosaic coffee, gardenias and conifers, (3) Diversification with mosaics of different species of ornamental plants and coffee, (4) commercial nurseries and ornamental plantings. Ornamental species most representative in the diversification of production were the gardenias and conifers. In the study area the ornamental activity has grown so large that it is considered a significant agricultural activity, compared to other crops such as sugar cane and livestock. Some producers have diversified or replaced their coffee with ornamental plants and are experiencing higher incomes.

This research aims to identify the economic importance of backyard production as a survival strategy for corn producers in San Nicolas de los Ranchos, Puebla state. To this end, 77 corn farmers were randomly selected and surveyed. These were classified into two groups: primary and secondary. The primary group is those who are engaged in planting corn and other agricultural activities. The secondary group, besides planting corn, performs other non-farm work. The results indicate that the products obtained in the backyard contribute to feeding humans and animals, which contributes to family support and strengthening ties in the community through the mutual exchange of products between different members, as well as the establishment of other networks with external agents. Diversified production in this space is linked to environmental aspects, such as the conservation and protection of local germ plasma and soil improvement, through recycling and supply of organic matter from decomposition and reintegration of kitchen waste and harvesting.

The decrease in the effectiveness of the anthelmintics (AH) causes the survivial of parasites, which reproduce and form resistant populations. The aim of this study was to emphasize some results of the effectiveness and anthelmintic resistance (AR) of the main AH used in the Sierra region of Tabasco, and northern Chiapas, Mexico. In 11 flocks effectiveness was calculated during the dry season and 14 flocks were tested during the rainy season. The first study evaluated the effectiveness of three AH from a flock in 2008 and confirmed the effectiveness in 2011. The AR test was performed in five flocks in 2002, and multiple AR was corroborated in 2011. The methodology recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) was used. Albendazole caused 61.6% of reduction in the gastrointestinal nematode eggs (NGI) counts, and Levamisole reduced in 99.9% the fecal egg count. Anthelmintic resistance was found in three flocks using Albendazole. In one flock the nematodes were susceptible to the same product. In another flock, Levamisole susceptibility was observed. Applying Closantel + Albendazole, Ivermectin and Nitroxinil, the fecal egg counts were reduced to values between 61-69%. During 2011 the effectiveness of Levamisole was 30% and the combined application of Ivermectin and Levamisole was only 65% effective. The constant use of the AH has caused low effectiveness in the control of major gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, including the combination of Ivermectina and Levamisol.

This research analyzes the process of mining in the state of Chiapas as a new social phenomenon, as well as the negative consequences. It describes the social and environmental problems caused by the mining company Blackfire in the municipality of Chicomuselo, where it promoted the wide development to generate sustainable development, jobs and economic welfare of communities.The conditions of marginalization, poverty, unemployment and devastation by recent hurricanes allowed this company access. The destructive effects of mining polarized society and as socio-environmental risk factors were perceived which led to the emergence of an anti-mining resistance. The community responded when its central Maya identity and the human-nature were criminalized.This process led to theoretical support for new social movements of collective action and the concept of territorial identity.

Protected agriculture in Mexico emerged from the enhancement of productive reconversion and the promotion of the development of capitalist. Its focus is on economic and technical benefits but it has left aside the social impact related to women day laborers in the market. This research is aimed at featuring the participation of women day laborers in the vegetable market based on protected agriculture and evaluating the impact of such market in relation to social and economic benefits.The study was set out in the framework of the neoliberal development model, which is responsible for the present precarious situation of laborers. The work tackled the theory of the institutional labor market through the analysis of customs and family roles that explain the inclusion of women into a segmented rural labor market. The focus was on the strategies of reproduction of Medina (1991), with contributions from Acosta (2007). The results showed an age range from 14 to 67; the family position of daughters (51%), mothers (33%) and wives (16%); as well as women with no education level (10%), and some with technical studies (3%).On the other hand, 20 per cent of the workers reported three or more economic dependents, 38 per cent were family heads and in 10 per cent of the cases they were considered the only contributors to the family income. Twenty-eight per cent reported some social benefit. As a conclusion, women in the work force employed in protected agriculture does not follow a specific profile, rather a specific family situation which forces them to enter in this labor market, thus representing a reproduction strategy under economic pressures. This strategy, however, offers minimal benefits and deprives women from rewarding reproduction.

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