Palabras clave
sistema agro-alimentario
Cucurbita
Phaseolus
Zea
Cómo citar
Resumen
El núcleo del sistema alimentario precerámico en el occidente de Mesoamérica se pudo integrar con las poblaciones silvestres ancestrales del maíz, el frijol y la calabaza. El manejo agrícola incipiente de estas especies, año tras año, en un mismo sitio pudo derivar en la estructuración del sistema agroalimentario conocido como “milpa”. En este trabajo intentamos responder: 1. ¿Cómo y cuándo se pudo integrar el sistema agroalimentario de milpa?; 2. ¿Qué grupos culturales humanos lo pudieron conformar?; 3. ¿Pudo ser posible la domesticación de las poblaciones silvestres del maíz, las calabazas y los frijoles en varios sitios de América?, 4. ¿A través de qué rutas y cuándo se pudieron difundir estos cultivos? Integramos evidencias paleo-ecológicas arqueológicas, etnobotánicas y genético-moleculares; analizamos el significado de la domesticación y la importancia de estudiar la dinámica evolutiva de los complejos poblacionales silvestre-domesticado de las especies cultivadas en la milpa y puntualizamos los retos, amenazas y oportunidades para sus recursos genéticos. El núcleo del sistema agroalimentario Milpa se estructuró con especies de la selva baja caducifolia hace cerca de 9,000 años. El maíz pudo arribar a Panamá, Ecuador y Perú hace 7,400-6,500 años. Las poblaciones silvestres ancestrales de las calabazas y los frijoles pudieron ser domesticadas tanto en Mesoamérica como en Suramérica. Para las plantas, la domesticación significó su dependencia de los humanos, y para los humanos un alto costo social no valorado actualmente. El estudio de la dinámica evolutiva de los complejos poblacionales de la milpa nos ayuda a desarrollar estrategias de conservación y restauración, y a establecer los riesgos de escape de genes domésticos y transgenes. Los recursos fitogenéticos de la milpa enfrentan grandes amenazas a raíz de los cambios sociales y económicos provocados por la globalización de los mercados. Sin embargo, constituyen una herramienta fundamental para enfrentar el cambio climático.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 2017 Daniel Zizumbo-Villarreal,, Patricia Colunga-GarcíaMarín