Introduction

Grafting is the union of two plants of different genetic origin that interact with each other. Graft performance may be influenced by the clone from which the scions are derived.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of clone on grafting success and initial scion growth in crown grafts of C. odorata.

Materials and methods

Crown grafts were performed using scions from five C. odorata (CR-A, CR-B, CR-C, CR-D and CR-E), morphologically selected from a provenance trial in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. Grafting success, initial growth in height and diameter, number of buds, and graft crown diameter were evaluated using a randomized complete block design.

Results

Statistically significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) due to clone effect were observed for all variables except grafting diameter (mean = 13.1 mm). After two months, clone CR-E showed 5, 10 and 35 % higher grafting success than clones CR-B, CR-A and CR-C, respectively, whereas clone CR-D showed no graft take. After six months, grafts with scions from clone CR-B grew 19, 21 and 57 cm more in height than grafts with scions from clones CR-C, CR-A and CR-E, respectively. On average, grafts developed 26 lateral buds per plant and a crown diameter of 90 cm.

Conclusions

Clone significantly influences grafting success, initial height growth, number of buds and crown diameter in crown grafts of C. odorata.

Introduction

Plant production in forest nurseries faces serious phytosanitary challenges due to the presence of Fusarium fungi, which cause damping-off and wilting in plants.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of seven native strains of Trichoderma spp. on the biological control of Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. and on the growth of Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. during nursery production.

Materials and methods

Eight treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications each. Native strains of Trichoderma asperellum (Ta64, Ta67 and Ta97), T. paratroviride (Tp82 and Tp88), T. martiale (Tm69), T. tomentosum (Tt33) and a control treatment without the antagonistic fungus were used. Disease incidence was assessed as the percentage of plants showing symptoms of F. oxysporum. Morphological data from 288 healthy plants randomly selected from the eight treatments were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

The control treatment showed the highest pathogen incidence (53 %), whereas treatments inoculated with native strains ranged from 27 % to 46 %. The use of native strains resulted in satisfactory seedling quality, as indicated by the evaluated morphological indices.

Conclusion

The Tt33 strain (T. tomentosum) was the most effective, reducing pathogen presence by up to 50 % compared with the control and promoting the greatest seedling growth.

Introduction.

Sustainable management of forest resources relies on the continuous improvement and updating of mathematical models that provide the most accurate information on forest goods and ecosystem services.

Objectives.

To develop species-specific (SEVE) and multispecies (SEVM) additive systems of volume equation, as well as species-specific (FEBE) and multispecies (FEBM) biomass expansion factor equation systems, for estimating total biomass in six oak species from the Sierra of Santa Rosa, Guanajuato.

Materials and methods.

Data from 165 trees belonging to Quercus rugosa, Q. obtusata, Q. sideroxyla, Q. coccolobifolia, Q. laurina and Q. candicans were used. The destructive sampling method was applied to quantify total tree volume (TTV) as the sum of total stem volume and branch volume. SEVE and SEVM were fitted, along with FEBE and FEBM for stem, branches, and foliage, to estimate total biomass. Model performance was evaluated using the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²_adj), root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and mean absolute error.

Results.

According to R²_adj, SEVM explained 94.9 % of the variability in TTV, whereas SEVE explained between 0.91 and 0.98 across species. FEBM explained 96.6 % of the variability in total tree biomass, while FEBE explained between 93.4 and 98.3 %. On average, 51.4 % of total biomass was distributed in the stem, 46 % in branches and 2.6 % in foliage.

Conclusions.

The developed additive systems allow for accurate estimation of both commercial volume and aboveground biomass.

Introduction
Wood is highly susceptible to damage by microbial agents, such as wood-decay fungi. Consequently, the industry has strived to keep wooden structures in mechanically stable conditions; however, environmental contamination and the social responsibility to minimize risks to human health have driven the search for new preservation strategies.

Objective
To define the conditions under which essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. preserve Pinus sp. wood against damage by Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum using a Box-Behnken experimental design.

Materials and methods
The experiment was designed with three factors: Syzygium sp. essential oil (SEO), Citrus sp. essential oil (CEO), and time (6, 9 and 12 months), each with three levels -1, 0 and +1. The response variable was parallel-to-grain compression of Pinus sp. wood specimens, measured according to ISO 3345.

Results
Pinus wood exposed to the evaluated wood-decay fungi requires a concentration of 6.25 % SEO and 6.25 % CEO to maintain a standard parallel-to-grain compression strength of 355.5 kg·cm-2. This preservative effect is expected to last between 8.4 and 8.7 months, depending on the fungal agent.

Conclusion
Essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. are promising candidates for use as wood preservatives. The inhibitory effect of naturally derived chemical compounds against wood-deteriorating organisms represents important scientific progress toward the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.

Introduction
Oregano species represent a non-timber forest resource of high economic importance. Their essential oils are widely used due to their bioactive compounds, which are associated with antimicrobial properties.

Objective
To compare and synthesize the available evidence on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils derived from Origanum vulgare L. and Lippia origanoides Kunth, to assess their potential applications for the control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the food industry and in contexts related to public health services.

Materials and methods
Articles published primarily between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from O. vulgare and L. origanoides against P. aeruginosa were reviewed.

Results
Oregano essential oils predominantly contain thymol and carvacrol, compounds responsible for their antimicrobial activity. Their concentration depends on genetic and environmental factors, which in turn influence their efficacy. The literature indicates that thymol and carvacrol are associated with the inhibition of biofilm formation, highlighting their potential as alternatives for microbial control on surfaces in the food industry and in public health service settings.

Conclusions
The essential oils of L. origanoides and O. vulgare, rich in thymol and carvacrol, inhibit the adhesion and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. However, further studies are required to evaluate their cytotoxicity and to determine optimal concentrations for practical use.

Introduction
Commercial forest plantations require management systems based on timely tree measurements to maximize productivity. Spectral data collected through remote sensors provide an alternative for generating the required information.

Objective
To estimate and map total aboveground biomass (AGB) and leaf area index (LAI) in commercial Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake plantations in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico, using a combination of inventory data and spectral variables derived from satellite sensors.

Materials and methods
The AGB and LAI variables from a traditional inventory were compared with those estimated using multiple linear regression methods and ratio and regression estimators, in which spectral variables from the SPOT 7 and Landsat 8 satellite remote sensors were used as predictors.

Results
AGB and LAI showed strong correlations with the spectral bands (red and green) and vegetation indices from the SPOT 7 sensor. Ratio estimators produced values closer to those from the traditional inventory; however, the maps showed higher prediction errors. Therefore, the multiple linear regression model was selected for the prediction and mapping of AGB and LAI. 
Conclusion
The use of spectral information for predicting AGB and LAI was reliable. Data derived from satellite remote sensors are a useful tool for quantifying these tree measurement variables in commercial eucalyptus forest plantation.

Introducción
El Sistema Biométrico Forestal para el manejo de los bosques en México (SiBiFor) propone ecuaciones de crecimiento en altura dominante que utilizan la función
de Korf mediante el enfoque de diferencia algebraica generalizada (DAG); sin embargo, se detectó que algunas funciones no cumplen con las propiedades necesarias
(transitividad) del enfoque de DAG.

Objetivo
Actualizar los modelos de índice de sitio propuestos por SiBiFor para las especies Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., Pinus ayacahuite Ehren ex Schltdl. y Pinus teocote Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. correspondientes a la UMAFOR 2108.

Materiales y métodos
Para lograr una evaluación objetiva se utilizaron los datos originales de análisis troncales de 64 árboles dominantes, recabados por SiBiFor para la UMAFOR en el año 2016. Para modelar el crecimiento en altura dominante y generar las familias de curvas de IS se empleó el modelo base de Korf con el enfoque de DAG. Se analizan y documentan estas correcciones con detalle, dado que se encontraron algunos estudios que usan incorrectamente las soluciones del proceso DAG en el modelo Korf.

Resultados
Las ecuaciones corregidas para las tres especies de pino obtuvieron parámetros satisfactorios de ajuste, cumplen con las propiedades de la metodología de DAG, son invariantes a la edad de referencia y permiten estimar la altura dominante y la calidad de estación a cualquier altura y edad base.

Conclusiones
La propuesta de actualización y ajuste de los modelos corregidos mejora su precisión para la clasificación de la productividad y la producción maderable de las especies con mayor confiabilidad.

Introducción. El calentamiento global incrementa el déficit de presión de vapor (DPV) al elevar la temperatura, situación que afecta negativamente el crecimiento de Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.

Objetivos. Desarrollar una cronología regional de anillos de P. menziesii y evaluar la influencia de variables climáticas en el crecimiento radial.

Materiales y métodos. Las muestras se colectaron en cuatro sitios de Durango y Chihuahua en la Sierra Madre Occidental. Estas se procesaron según técnicas dendrocronológicas estándar. El fechado se validó con COFECHA y se generaron series de índice de ancho de anillo (IAA) con el paquete dplR. Las variables climáticas se obtuvieron de ERA5-Land y la relación con el IAA se estableció con el paquete treeclim en R. La variabilidad común del crecimiento entre sitios se determinó con análisis de correlación de Pearson y análisis de componentes principales (ACP).

Resultados y discusión. Se generaron cuatro cronologías de P. menziesii. El ACP determinó una respuesta climática común y se integró una serie regional de 369 años (1655-2023). Esta mostró relación positiva del IAA con la precipitación de noviembre del año previo a mayo del año actual (r = 0.76; p < 0.05) y relaciones negativas significativas (p < 0.05) del IAA con la temperatura mínima de marzo a junio del año actual (r = -0.59), la temperatura máxima (r = -0.82) y el DPV de enero a junio (r = -0.84).

Conclusión. El aumento de la temperatura máxima y del DPV amplifica la sequía atmosférica e impacta en la reducción del crecimiento radial de P. menziesii en la Sierra Madre Occidental.

Introduction. Physical, mechanical, and hormonal methods used to enhance germination can, in some cases, cause physiological damage to the seed and endosperm. Chitosan has been used as a germination stimulant in other species; however, its effect has not been evaluated in agave seeds.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of chitosan concentrations on the germination and emergence of Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck ‘Xamini’.

Materials and methods. Treatments consisted of five chitosan concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 3.0 g·L-1) and a control (distilled water), arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of 100 seeds. Germination percentages, germination speed index, mean germination time, and emergence percentage and rate were evaluated at 24 h intervals.

Results. Significant differences among treatments were observed for all measured variables (P ≤ 0.0001). Germination of A. salmiana ‘Xamini’ reached 80 % and 74 % at chitosan concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 g·L-1, respectively. The optimal dose for both the germination speed index and emergence rate was 0.2 g·L-1. These lower chitosan concentrations improved germination compared to higher doses (1 and 3 g·L-1), which showed the lowest mean values, similar to the control.

Conclusion. The use of chitosan at a concentration of 0.2 g·L-1 represents a natural alternative, free of toxic residues, to enhance the germination and emergence of A. salmiana ‘Xamini’.

Introducción. Las escamas del género Toumeyella son fitófagos que afectan el crecimiento de la planta hospedante, ocasionan mortalidad y, por tanto, generan pérdidas económicas.

Objetivo. Identificar la escama Toumeyella que causa infestaciones en viveros de Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. en el estado de Puebla.

Materiales y métodos. En plantas de P. patula de dos años se recolectaron escamas y se hicieron preparaciones microscópicas. Las escamas se identificaron taxonómicamente; para la identificación molecular se utilizaron ninfas del primer instar, se extrajo ADN y para la PCR se utilizó el gen COI (Citocromo Oxidasa Subunidad I). Las secuencias se compararon con secuencias disponibles de escamas Toumeyella del GenBank.

Resultados. Las características morfológicas, como la ausencia de setas espiraculares y la agrupación de poros biloculares en el dorso, coinciden con T. parvicornis. Esta investigación proporciona una nueva secuencia genética de la escama, la cual mostró coincidencia con otras secuencias registradas de T. parvicornis en GenBank. Por otra parte, se registró la presencia de un parasitoide de la familia Encyrtidae en T. parvicornis.

Conclusión. Este estudio es el primer reporte de la escama T. parvicornis en P. patula y en la región centro de México.

Introducción. En la Amazonía peruana, el género Dipteryx Schreb. comprende especies maderables de alta demanda comercial; sin embargo, su cadena productiva ha sido escasamente estudiada. En este contexto, la trazabilidad en la cadena productiva de la madera constituye una herramienta fundamental para prevenir el comercio ilegal de productos forestales.

Objetivo. Describir la cadena productiva del género Dipteryx en la provincia de Satipo, Perú, durante el periodo 2017–2022, con base en cuatro eslabones clave: aprovechamiento forestal, centros de transformación primaria, control forestal y rutas de comercialización.

Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis documental mediante fichas de registro, basada en la recopilación y análisis de información proveniente de fuentes oficiales, encuestas dirigidas a especialistas en control forestal y colecta de muestras botánicas.

Resultados. Se identificaron seis planes de manejo forestal, de los cuales solo cuatro movilizaron 442.575 m³ de madera en rollo; además, se detectó una identificación incorrecta de las especies del género Dipteryx. Dos centros de transformación primaria produjeron 93.027 m³ de madera aserrada sin contar con el registro adecuado de sus operaciones. Asimismo, cuatro puestos de control forestal inspeccionaron 55.463 m³ (59.62 %) de la madera transportada por vía terrestre, sin detectar errores en la identificación de Thyrsodium spruceanum Benth. vel sp. aff., declarada como Dipteryx micrantha Harms. La mayor parte de la producción (91 %) tuvo como destino el departamento de Lima.

Conclusiones. La cadena productiva del género Dipteryx en Satipo presenta debilidades en la identificación taxonómica, la estimación de volúmenes, los rendimientos de aserrío, el control forestal y la trazabilidad, lo que compromete la legalidad y sostenibilidad del recurso.