Introduction

Grafting is the union of two plants of different genetic origin that interact with each other. Graft performance may be influenced by the clone from which the scions are derived.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of clone on grafting success and initial scion growth in crown grafts of C. odorata.

Materials and methods

Crown grafts were performed using scions from five C. odorata (CR-A, CR-B, CR-C, CR-D and CR-E), morphologically selected from a provenance trial in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. Grafting success, initial growth in height and diameter, number of buds, and graft crown diameter were evaluated using a randomized complete block design.

Results

Statistically significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) due to clone effect were observed for all variables except grafting diameter (mean = 13.1 mm). After two months, clone CR-E showed 5, 10 and 35 % higher grafting success than clones CR-B, CR-A and CR-C, respectively, whereas clone CR-D showed no graft take. After six months, grafts with scions from clone CR-B grew 19, 21 and 57 cm more in height than grafts with scions from clones CR-C, CR-A and CR-E, respectively. On average, grafts developed 26 lateral buds per plant and a crown diameter of 90 cm.

Conclusions

Clone significantly influences grafting success, initial height growth, number of buds and crown diameter in crown grafts of C. odorata.

Introduction

Plant production in forest nurseries faces serious phytosanitary challenges due to the presence of Fusarium fungi, which cause damping-off and wilting in plants.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of seven native strains of Trichoderma spp. on the biological control of Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. and on the growth of Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. during nursery production.

Materials and methods

Eight treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications each. Native strains of Trichoderma asperellum (Ta64, Ta67 and Ta97), T. paratroviride (Tp82 and Tp88), T. martiale (Tm69), T. tomentosum (Tt33) and a control treatment without the antagonistic fungus were used. Disease incidence was assessed as the percentage of plants showing symptoms of F. oxysporum. Morphological data from 288 healthy plants randomly selected from the eight treatments were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

The control treatment showed the highest pathogen incidence (53 %), whereas treatments inoculated with native strains ranged from 27 % to 46 %. The use of native strains resulted in satisfactory seedling quality, as indicated by the evaluated morphological indices.

Conclusion

The Tt33 strain (T. tomentosum) was the most effective, reducing pathogen presence by up to 50 % compared with the control and promoting the greatest seedling growth.

Introduction.

Sustainable management of forest resources relies on the continuous improvement and updating of mathematical models that provide the most accurate information on forest goods and ecosystem services.

Objectives.

To develop species-specific (SEVE) and multispecies (SEVM) additive systems of volume equation, as well as species-specific (FEBE) and multispecies (FEBM) biomass expansion factor equation systems, for estimating total biomass in six oak species from the Sierra of Santa Rosa, Guanajuato.

Materials and methods.

Data from 165 trees belonging to Quercus rugosa, Q. obtusata, Q. sideroxyla, Q. coccolobifolia, Q. laurina and Q. candicans were used. The destructive sampling method was applied to quantify total tree volume (TTV) as the sum of total stem volume and branch volume. SEVE and SEVM were fitted, along with FEBE and FEBM for stem, branches, and foliage, to estimate total biomass. Model performance was evaluated using the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²_adj), root mean square error, mean absolute percentage error, and mean absolute error.

Results.

According to R²_adj, SEVM explained 94.9 % of the variability in TTV, whereas SEVE explained between 0.91 and 0.98 across species. FEBM explained 96.6 % of the variability in total tree biomass, while FEBE explained between 93.4 and 98.3 %. On average, 51.4 % of total biomass was distributed in the stem, 46 % in branches and 2.6 % in foliage.

Conclusions.

The developed additive systems allow for accurate estimation of both commercial volume and aboveground biomass.

Introduction
Wood is highly susceptible to damage by microbial agents, such as wood-decay fungi. Consequently, the industry has strived to keep wooden structures in mechanically stable conditions; however, environmental contamination and the social responsibility to minimize risks to human health have driven the search for new preservation strategies.

Objective
To define the conditions under which essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. preserve Pinus sp. wood against damage by Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum using a Box-Behnken experimental design.

Materials and methods
The experiment was designed with three factors: Syzygium sp. essential oil (SEO), Citrus sp. essential oil (CEO), and time (6, 9 and 12 months), each with three levels -1, 0 and +1. The response variable was parallel-to-grain compression of Pinus sp. wood specimens, measured according to ISO 3345.

Results
Pinus wood exposed to the evaluated wood-decay fungi requires a concentration of 6.25 % SEO and 6.25 % CEO to maintain a standard parallel-to-grain compression strength of 355.5 kg·cm-2. This preservative effect is expected to last between 8.4 and 8.7 months, depending on the fungal agent.

Conclusion
Essential oils from Syzygium sp. and Citrus sp. are promising candidates for use as wood preservatives. The inhibitory effect of naturally derived chemical compounds against wood-deteriorating organisms represents important scientific progress toward the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.

Introduction
Oregano species represent a non-timber forest resource of high economic importance. Their essential oils are widely used due to their bioactive compounds, which are associated with antimicrobial properties.

Objective
To compare and synthesize the available evidence on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils derived from Origanum vulgare L. and Lippia origanoides Kunth, to assess their potential applications for the control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the food industry and in contexts related to public health services.

Materials and methods
Articles published primarily between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from O. vulgare and L. origanoides against P. aeruginosa were reviewed.

Results
Oregano essential oils predominantly contain thymol and carvacrol, compounds responsible for their antimicrobial activity. Their concentration depends on genetic and environmental factors, which in turn influence their efficacy. The literature indicates that thymol and carvacrol are associated with the inhibition of biofilm formation, highlighting their potential as alternatives for microbial control on surfaces in the food industry and in public health service settings.

Conclusions
The essential oils of L. origanoides and O. vulgare, rich in thymol and carvacrol, inhibit the adhesion and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. However, further studies are required to evaluate their cytotoxicity and to determine optimal concentrations for practical use.

Introduction
Commercial forest plantations require management systems based on timely tree measurements to maximize productivity. Spectral data collected through remote sensors provide an alternative for generating the required information.

Objective
To estimate and map total aboveground biomass (AGB) and leaf area index (LAI) in commercial Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake plantations in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico, using a combination of inventory data and spectral variables derived from satellite sensors.

Materials and methods
The AGB and LAI variables from a traditional inventory were compared with those estimated using multiple linear regression methods and ratio and regression estimators, in which spectral variables from the SPOT 7 and Landsat 8 satellite remote sensors were used as predictors.

Results
AGB and LAI showed strong correlations with the spectral bands (red and green) and vegetation indices from the SPOT 7 sensor. Ratio estimators produced values closer to those from the traditional inventory; however, the maps showed higher prediction errors. Therefore, the multiple linear regression model was selected for the prediction and mapping of AGB and LAI. 
Conclusion
The use of spectral information for predicting AGB and LAI was reliable. Data derived from satellite remote sensors are a useful tool for quantifying these tree measurement variables in commercial eucalyptus forest plantation.

Introduction. The Forest Biometric System for forest management in Mexico (SiBiFor) proposes dominant height growth equations that use the Korf function under the Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach (GADA); however, it has been identified that some functions do not meet the required properties (transitivity) of GADA.
Objective. To update the site index models proposed by SiBiFor for the species Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham., Pinus ayacahuite Ehren ex Schltdl. and Pinus teocote Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. corresponding to UMAFOR 2108.
Materials and methods. To ensure an objective evaluation, the original stem analysis data from 64 dominant trees collected by SiBiFor for the UMAFOR in 2016 were used. To model dominant height growth and generate the site index curve families, the base Korf model was applied using the GADA approach. These corrections are analyzed and documented in detail, as some studies were found to incorrectly apply the solution derived from the GADA approach in the Korf model.
Results. The corrected equations for the three pine species showed satisfactory parameter estimates, satisfied the properties of the GADA approach, were invariant to the reference age, and allowed the estimation of dominant height and site quality at any height and base age.
Conclusions. The proposed update and fitting of the corrected models improve their accuracy for classifying productivity and timber yield of the species with greater reliability.

Introduction. Global warming increases vapor pressure deficit (VPD) by raising temperature, a condition that negatively affects the growth of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.
Objectives. To develop a regional tree-ring chronology of P. menziesii and evaluate the influence of climatic variables on radial growth.
Materials and methods. Samples were collected from four sites in Durango and Chihuahua in the Sierra Madre Occidental. They were processed following standard dendrochronological techniques. Crossdating was validated using COFECHA, and ring-width index (RWI) series were generated with the dplR package. Climatic variables were obtained from ERA5-Land, and their relationship with RWI was assessed using the treeclim package in R. Common growth variability among sites was determined through Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA).
Results and discussion. Four P. menziesii chronologies were developed. The PCA identified a common climatic response, and a 369-year regional series (1655-2023) was constructed. This series showed a positive relationship between RWI and precipitation from November of the previous year to May of the current year (r = 0.76; p < 0.05), and significant negative relationships (p < 0.05) between RWI and minimum temperature from March to June of the current year (r = -0.59), maximum temperature (r = -0.82), and VPD from January to June (r = -0.84).
Conclusion. Increases in maximum temperature and VPD intensify atmospheric drought and contribute to reduced radial growth of P. menziesii in the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Introduction. Physical, mechanical, and hormonal methods used to enhance germination can, in some cases, cause physiological damage to the seed and endosperm. Chitosan has been used as a germination stimulant in other species; however, its effect has not been evaluated in agave seeds.
Objective. To evaluate the effect of chitosan concentrations on the germination and emergence of Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck ‘Xamini’.
Materials and methods. Treatments consisted of five chitosan concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 3.0 g·L^-1) and a control (distilled water), arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of 100 seeds. Germination percentages, germination speed index, mean germination time, and emergence percentage and rate were evaluated at 24 h intervals.
Results. Significant differences among treatments were observed for all measured variables (P ≤ 0.0001). Germination of A. salmiana ‘Xamini’ reached 80 % and 74 % at chitosan concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 g·L^-1, respectively. The optimal dose for both the germination speed index and emergence rate was 0.2 g·L^-1. These lower chitosan concentrations improved germination compared to higher doses (1 and 3 g·L^-1), which showed the lowest mean values, similar to the control.
Conclusion. The use of chitosan at a concentration of 0.2 g·L^-1 represents a natural alternative, free of toxic residues, to enhance the germination and emergence of A. salmiana ‘Xamini’.

Introduction. Toumeyella are phytophagous pests that affect host plant growth, cause mortality, and consequently generate economic losses.
Objective. To identify Toumeyella responsible for infestations in nurseries of Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. in the state of Puebla.
Materials and methods. Scale insects were collected from two-year-old P. patula plants, and microscopic slide preparations were made. The scales were identified taxonomically; for molecular identification, first-instar nymphs were used for DNA extraction, and the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I) gene was amplified by PCR. The resulting sequences were compared with available GenBank sequences of Toumeyella scales.
Results. Morphological characteristics, such as the absence of spiracular setae and the clustering of bilocular pores on the dorsum, were consistent with T. parvicornis. This study provides a new genetic sequence of the scale insect, which showed concordance with other T. parvicornis sequences deposited in GenBank. In addition, the presence of a parasitoid belonging to the family Encyrtidae was recorded in T. parvicornis.
Conclusion. This study represents the first report of T. parvicornis on P. patula and in central Mexico.

Introducción. En la Amazonía peruana, el género Dipteryx Schreb. comprende especies maderables de alta demanda comercial; sin embargo, su cadena productiva ha sido escasamente estudiada. En este contexto, la trazabilidad en la cadena productiva de la madera constituye una herramienta fundamental para prevenir el comercio ilegal de productos forestales.

Objetivo. Describir la cadena productiva del género Dipteryx en la provincia de Satipo, Perú, durante el periodo 2017–2022, con base en cuatro eslabones clave: aprovechamiento forestal, centros de transformación primaria, control forestal y rutas de comercialización.

Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis documental mediante fichas de registro, basada en la recopilación y análisis de información proveniente de fuentes oficiales, encuestas dirigidas a especialistas en control forestal y colecta de muestras botánicas.

Resultados. Se identificaron seis planes de manejo forestal, de los cuales solo cuatro movilizaron 442.575 m³ de madera en rollo; además, se detectó una identificación incorrecta de las especies del género Dipteryx. Dos centros de transformación primaria produjeron 93.027 m³ de madera aserrada sin contar con el registro adecuado de sus operaciones. Asimismo, cuatro puestos de control forestal inspeccionaron 55.463 m³ (59.62 %) de la madera transportada por vía terrestre, sin detectar errores en la identificación de Thyrsodium spruceanum Benth. vel sp. aff., declarada como Dipteryx micrantha Harms. La mayor parte de la producción (91 %) tuvo como destino el departamento de Lima.

Conclusiones. La cadena productiva del género Dipteryx en Satipo presenta debilidades en la identificación taxonómica, la estimación de volúmenes, los rendimientos de aserrío, el control forestal y la trazabilidad, lo que compromete la legalidad y sostenibilidad del recurso.

Introduction
Stand density management is a fundamental component of sustainable pine silviculture, particularly in tropical montane forests where growth dynamics and self-thinning processes differ from those observed in temperate ecosystems. For Pinus occidentalis Swartz, the endemic pine species of Hispaniola, locally calibrated density-management guidelines are still lacking, limiting the application of quantitative thinning and restoration strategies.

Objective
To develop a locally calibrated stocking guide for P. occidentalis by deriving the upper self-thinning boundary (A-line) and the lower management boundary (B-line), and to evaluate their implications for stand-density management.

Materials and methods
Forest inventory data from natural P. occidentalis stands representing a broad range of ages, site conditions, and stand densities were analyzed. Self-thinning relationships were modelled using stand density and quadratic mean diameter to establish the A-line, whereas the B-line was defined as a fixed proportion of the A-line following established density-management principles. Model performance was evaluated through statistical goodness-of-fit and biological plausibility.

Results
The final A-line model showed a strong and biologically consistent size–density relationship, establishing the maximum density boundary for P. occidentalis stands. The derived B-line identified a practical lower threshold for active stand management. Together, these boundaries defined a density-management zone corresponding to moderate stand densities and provided clear criteria for classifying stands as overstocked, optimally stocked, or understocked.

Conclusions
This study presents the first locally developed A-line–B-line stocking guide for P. occidentalis, providing a quantitative framework to support thinning, restoration, and the sustainable management of Dominican pine forests.