Keywords
Vernegà basin
Quercus suber
Pinus halepensis
unmanaged forest
How to Cite
##article.highlights##
- Hardening was evaluated using three levels of P, K and soluble fertilizer in irrigation.
- The hardening process did not change the morphometry of P. rudis seedlings.
- Fertilization hardening in P. rudis increased the phosphorus concentration by 30 %.
- The highest N, P and K contents were achieved with a 100 % increase in the basic dose (4-25-35).
- Graphical vector analysis was useful in the analysis of the fertilization effect.
Abstract
Introduction: Forest management is necessary for forest conservation and the security of natural assets and people; however, forest management can have negative effects on some soil properties. Objective: To determine whether forest management in a Mediterranean forest basin, consisting of Quercus suber L. and Pinus halepensis Mill., causes increased runoff and eroded material at slope level. Materials and methods: Seven land-use units were selected: a) dense forest (no management); b) recently managed cork oak forest, c) recently managed pine forest; d) cork oak forest with two years of management, e) pine forest with two years of management, f) bare terrain with herbaceous vegetation and (g) a forest road. In each area, four rainfall simulations were carried out from a height of 2 m, at a pressure of 1.7 kg·cm-2, equivalent to a rainfall intensity of 60 mm·h-1. An ANOVA was performed and significant differences were verified (post-hoc Tukey test, P < 0.05). Results and discussion: Ten months after the hardening process, the seedlings had a root collar diameter of 4.8 to 5.5 mm, aerial dry weight of 4.2 to 4.4 g and root dry weight of 1.1 to 1.2 g. The doses of P, K and FS did not affect the morphometry of the plant, but did affect the concentration of nutrients. Vector analysis detected luxury nutrient consumption in the order P > N > K. The highest nutrient contents were achieved with SF at a level of 100 % above the basic dose (4-25-35).Conclusion: There is no difference in the generation of runoff and erosion in the managed areas, both pine and cork oak, compared to dense or unmanaged forest.
References
Andivia, E., Fernández, M., & Vázquez-Piqué, J. (2011). Autumn fertilization of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. nursery seedlings: effects on morpho-physiology and field performance. Annals of Forest Science, 68(3), 543–553. doi:10.1007/s13595-011-0048-4
Dumroese, R. K. (2003). Hardening fertilization and nutrient loading of conifer seedlings. In L. E. Riley, R. K. Dumroese, & T. D. Landis (Eds.), National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Associations–2002 (pp. 31–36). Ogden, UT, USA: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved from https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_dumroese003.pdf
Escobar, R. R. (2012). Fases de cultivo: Endurecimiento. En L. T. Contardi, H. E. Gonda, G. Tolone, & J. Salimbeni (Eds.), Producción de plantas en viveros forestales (pp. 145–162). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Consejo Federal de Inversiones-Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP)-Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB).
Fernández, M., Marcos, C., Tapias, R., Ruiz, F., & López, G. (2007). Nursery fertilization affects the frost-tolerance and plant quality of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cuttings. Annals of Forest Science, 64(8), 865–873. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007071
García-Pérez, J. L., Aldrete, A., López-Upton, J., Vargas-Hernández, J. J., & Prieto-Ruíz, J. A. (2015). Efecto de la condición ambiental y la fertilización en el preacondicionamiento de Pinus engelmannii Carr. en vivero. Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana, 38(3), 297–304. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0187-73802015000300008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Grossnickle, S. C. (2005). Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress. New Forests, 30(2-3), 273–294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2
Grossnickle, S. C., & MacDonald, J. E. (2018). Why seedlings grow: influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 49(1), 1–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9606-4
Guo, Z., Han, J., Li, J., Xu, Y., & Wang, X. (2019). Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure. PloS ONE, 14(1), e0211163. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211163
Isaac, M. E., & Kimaro, A. A. (2011). Diagnosis of nutrient imbalances with vector analysis in agroforestry systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(3), 860–886. doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0144
Jackson, D. P., Dumroese, R. K., & Barnett, J. P. (2012). Nursery response of container Pinus palustris seedlings to nitrogen supply and subsequent effects on out planting performance. Forest Ecology and Management, 265, 1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.018
Landis, T. D. (1989). Mineral nutrients and fertilization. In T. D. Landis, R. W. Tinus, S. S. McDonald, & J. P. Barnett (Eds.), The container tree nursery manual (vol. 4, pp. 1–67). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Li, G., Wang, J., Oliet, J. A., & Jacobs, D. F. (2016). Combined pre-hardening and fall fertilization facilitates N storage and field performance of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(3), 483–489. doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1708-008
López-Bucio, J., Hernández-Abreu, E., Sánchez-Calderón, L., Nieto-Jacobo, M. F., Simpson, J., & Herrera-Estrella, L. (2002). Phosphate availability alters architecture and causes changes in hormone sensitivity in the Arabidopsis root system. Plant Physiology, 129(1), 244–256. doi: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010934
López-López, M. Á., & Alvarado-López, J. (2010). Interpretación de nomogramas de análisis de vectores para diagnóstico nutrimental de especies forestales. Madera y Bosques, 16(1), 99–108. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-04712010000100007
Magaña, T. O. S., Torres, R. J. M., Rodríguez, F. C., Aguirre, D. H., & Fierros, G. A. M. (2008). Predicción de la producción y rendimiento de Pinus rudis Endl. en Aloapan, Oaxaca. Madera y Bosques, 14(1), 5–13. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/mb/v14n1/v14n1a2.pdf
Mead, D. J., Scott, J. T., & Chang, S. X. (2010). Using vector analysis to understand temporal changes in understorey-tree competition in agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(6), 1200–1211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.010
Miller, B. D., & Timmer, V. (1994). Steady-state nutrition of Pinus resinosa seedlings: response to nutrient loading, irrigation and hardening regimes. Tree Physiology, 14(12), 1327–1338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/14.12.1327
Nambiar, E. S., & Fife, D. N. (1991). Nutrient retranslocation in temperate conifers. Tree Physiology, 9(1-2), 185–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/9.1-2.185
Ostonen, I., Lõhmus, K., Helmisaari, H. S., Truu, J., & Meel, S. (2007). Fine root morphological adaptations in Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch along a latitudinal gradient in boreal forests. Tree Physiology, 27(11), 1627–1634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.11.1627
Park, B. B., Park, G. E., & Bae, K. (2015). Diagnosis of plant nutrient and growth responses on fertilization with vector analysis and morphological index. Forest Science and Technology, 11(1), 1–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2014.931257
Puértolas, J., Gil, L., & Pardos, J. A. (2003). Effects of nutritional status and seedling size on field performance of Pinus halepensis planted on former arable land in the Mediterranean basin. Forestry, 76(2), 159–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.159
Puértolas, J., Gil, L., & Pardos, J. A. (2005). Effects of nitrogen fertilization and temperature on frost hardiness of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence. Forestry, 78(5), 501–511. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi055
Ramírez-Cuevas, Y., & Rodríguez, T. D. A. (2010). Resistencia a bajas temperaturas en Pinus hartwegii sometido a diferentes tratamientos con potasio. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 16(1), 79–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2009.09.032
Robles, V. F., Rodríguez, T. D. A., & Villanueva, M. A. (2017). Calidad de planta y supervivencia en reforestación de Pinus montezumae Lamb. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 8(42), 55–76. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/remcf/v8n42/2007-1132-remcf-8-42-00055.pdf
Rueda-Sánchez, A., Benavides-Solorio, J. de D., Sáenz-Reyes, J. T., Prieto-Ruiz, J. A., Muñoz, F. H. J., & Orozco, G. G. (2010). Calidad de planta producida en los viveros forestales de Jalisco y Nayarit. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 5(22), 58–73. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/remcf/v5n22/v5n22a5.pdf
Salifu, K., & Timmer, V. (2003). Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33(7), 1287–1294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-057.
Sánchez-Aguilar, H., Aldrete, A., Vargas-Hernández, J., & Ordaz-Chaparro, V. (2016). Influencia del tipo y color de envase en el desarrollo de plantas de pino en vivero. Agrociencia, 50(4), 481–492. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952016000400481
Schlesinger, W. H., & Bernhardt, E. S. (2013). Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change (3rd ed.). San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press.
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (2002). The SAS system for windows, release 9.0. Cary, NC, USA: Author.
Trubat, R., Cortina, J., & Vilagrosa, A. (2008). Short-term nitrogen deprivation increases field performance in nursery seedlings of Mediterranean woody species. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(6), 879–890. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.11.005
Vilagrosa, A., Villar-Salvador, P., & Puértolas, J. (2006). El endurecimiento en vivero de especies forestales mediterráneas. En J. Cortina, J. L. Peñuelas, J. Puértolas, R. Savé, & A. Vilagrosa (Eds.), Calidad de planta forestal para la restauración en ambientes mediterráneos: estado actual de conocimientos (pp. 119–140). España: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256669382_El_endurecimiento_en_vivero_de_especies_forestales_mediterraneas
Villar, P. (2003). Importancia de la calidad de planta en los proyectos de revegetación. En J. M. Nicolau-Ibarra, J. M. Rey-Benayas, & T. Espigares (Eds.), Restauración de ecosistemas mediterráneos (pp. 65–86). España: Universidad de Alcalá. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=769094
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente