##article.highlights##
- Three substrates made from peat moss, pine sawdust and pine bark were used.
- The incidence of Fusarium circinatum was lower in the sawdust-based substrate (78 %).
- Trichoderma harzianum and the sawdust-based substrate reduced the incidence of F. circinatum to 66 %.
Abstract
Introduction: Damping-off is a common disease in forest nurseries that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Objective: To evaluate the pathogenicity and incidence of Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O´Donnell in seedlings of Pinus greggii Engelm. ex Parl., and the use of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai as a biocontrol in three substrates. Materials and methods: The phytopathogenic fungus F. circinatum (strain SF5) and the antagonist T. harzianum (commercial strain T-22 KRL-AG2) were inoculated into P. greggii. Three substrates based on peat moss, pine sawdust and pine bark were used. The incidence of the disease and the morphological indices of the plant (stem diameter, height, aerial dry weight/root dry weight ratio, slenderness index and Dickson quality index) were evaluated. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance (GLM procedure of SAS version 9.0) and Tukey's multiple comparison test (P ≤ 0.05). Results and discussion: Pathogenicity was tested using Koch's postulates. The incidence of the disease was high (> 93 %) in substrates based on peat moss and pine bark, and was lower in the sawdust-based substrate (78 %). Trichoderma harzianum and the sawdust-based substrate reduced the incidence to 66 %. Plant quality, based on the morphological indices, was highest in the peat moss substrate. Conclusion: Fusarium circinatum is pathogenic in P. greggii; the sawdust-based substrate and T. harzianum reduced the incidence of the disease in the seedlings.References
Aguilera-Rodríguez, M., Aldrete, A., Martínez-Trinidad, T., & Ordaz-Chaparro, V. M. (2016). Producción de Pinus montezumae Lamb. con diferentes sustratos y fertilizantes de liberación controlada. Agrociencia, 50(1), 107–118. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952016000100107&lng=es&tlng=es
Benítez, T., Rincón, A. M., Limón, M. C., & Codón, A. C. (2004). Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, 7(4), 249–260. Retrieved from http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/IM/article/viewFile/9480/9476
Castro-Garibay, S. L., Aldrete, A., López-Upton, J., Ordaz-Chaparro, V. M. (2018). Efecto del envase, sustrato y fertilización en el crecimiento de Pinus greggii var. australis en vivero. Agrociencia, 52(1), 115–127. Retrieved from http://www.colpos.mx/agrocien/Bimestral/2018/ene-feb/art-9.pdf
Coutinho, T. A., Steenkamp, E. T., Mongwaketsi, K., Wilmont, M., & Wingfield, M. J. (2007). First outbreak of pitch canker in a South African pine plantation. Australasian Plant Pathology, 36(3), 256–261. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AP07017
Cubillos, H. J. G., Páez, R. A., & Mejía, D. L. (2011). Evaluación de la capacidad biocontroladora de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai contra Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. asociado al complejo “Secadera” en maracuyá, bajo condiciones de invernadero. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín, 64(1), 5821–5830. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfnam/v64n1/a08v64n01.pdf
Cummings, N. J., Ambrose, A., Braithwaite, M., Bissett, J., Roslan, H. A., Abdullah, J., …Hill, R. A. (2016). Diversity of root-endophytic Trichoderma from Malaysian Borneo. Mycological Progress, 15(5), 50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1192-x
Desender, S., Andrivon, D., & Val, F. (2007). Activation of defense reactions in Solanaceae: where is the specificity. Cellular Microbiology, 9(1), 21–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00831.x
Dickson, A., Leaf, A. L., & Hosner, J. F. (1960). Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedlings stock in nurseries. The Forestry Chronicle, 36(1), 10–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc36010-1
Donoso, E., Lobos, G. A., & Rojas, N. (2008). Efecto de Trichoderma harzianum y compost sobre el crecimiento de plántulas de Pinus radiata en vivero. Bosque (Valdivia), 29(1), 52–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002008000100006
Dumroese, R. K., Kim, M. S., & James, R. L. (2012). Fusarium oxysporum protects Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from root disease caused by Fusarium commune. Plant Pathology Journal, 28(3), 311–316. doi: https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.08.2011.0155
García-Díaz, S. E., Aldrete, A., Alvarado-Rosales, D., Cibrián-Tovar, D., Méndez-Montiel, J. T., Valdovinos-Ponce, G., & Equíhua-Martínez, A. (2017). Efecto de Fusarium circinatum en la germinación y crecimiento de plántulas de Pinus greggii en tres sustratos. Agrociencia, 51(8), 895–908. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/agro/v51n8/1405-3195-agro-51-08-895-en.pdf
Gordon, T. R., Swett, C. L., & Wingfield, M. J. (2015). Management of Fusarium diseases affecting conifer. Crop Protection, 73, 28–39. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.018
Harman, G. E., Björkman, T., Ondik, K., & Shoresh, M. (2008). Changing paradigms on the mode of action and uses of Trichoderma spp. for biocontrol. Outlooks on pest management, 19(1), 24–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1564/19feb08
Hernández-Zarate, L., Aldrete, A., Ordaz-Chaparro, V. M., López-Upton, J., & López-López, M. A. (2014). Crecimiento de Pinus montezumae Lamb. en vivero influenciado por diferentes mezclas de sustratos. Agrociencia, 48(6), 627–637. Retrieved from https://www.colpos.mx/agrocien/Bimestral/2014/ago-sep/art-5.pdf
Herron, D. A., Wingfield, M. J., Wingfield, B. D., Rodas, C. A., Marincowitz, S., & Steenkamp, E. T. (2015). Novel taxa in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex from Pinus spp. Studies in Mycology, 80, 131–150. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.001
Infante, D., Martínez, B., González, N., & Reyes, Y. (2009). Mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma frente a hongos fitopatógenos. Revista de Protección Vegetal, 24(1), 14–21. Retrieved from http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-27522009000100002&lng=es&tlng=es
Martínez-Álvarez, P., Alves-Santos, F. M., & Diez, J. J. (2012). In vitro and in vivo interactions between Trichoderma viride and Fusarium circinatum. Silva Fennica, 46(3), 303–316. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258875067_
Mitchell, R. G., Zwolinski, J., Jones, N., & Coutinho, T. (2004). The effect of applying prophylactic measures on the post-planting survival of Pinus patula in South Africa. The Southern African Forestry Journal, 200(1), 51–58. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/20702620.2004.10431760
Mousseaux, M. R., Dumroese, R. K., James, R. L., Wenny, D. L., & Knudsen, G. R. (1998). Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum as a biological control of Fusarium oxysporum in container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings. New Forests, 15(1), 11–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006512519895
Okorski, A., Oszako, T., Nowakowska, J. A., & Pszczólkowska, A. (2014). The possibilities of biologically protecting plants against diseases in nurseries, with special consideration of Oomycetes and Fusarium fungi. Forest Research Papers, 75(3), 301–321. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0029
Peterson, M. (2008). Fusarium species-a British Columbia perspective in forest seedling production. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p057/rmrs_p057_109_125.pdf
Prieto, R. J. A., & Sáenz, J. T. (2011). Indicadores de calidad de planta en viveros forestales de la Sierra Madre Occidental. Durango, México: INIFAP.
Reglinski, T., & Dick, M. (2005). Biocontrol of forest nursery pathogens. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 50(3), 19–26. Retrieved from http://www.nzjf.org.nz/free_issues/NZJF50_3_2005/CD6F47DA-12F9-4F5A-9914-BEABE49C0054.pdf
Robles, C. A., Gómez, C. R., Macas, R. F., Sánchez, R. A., & Torres-Gutiérrez, R. (2014). Estudio de la patogenicidad de aislados de Fusarium spp., asociados a la marchitez vascular del babaco en Loja-Ecuador. Centro de Biotecnología, 3(2), 61–71. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279941150_
Romero, G., Crosara, A., & Baraibar, A. (2008). Trichoderma harzianum un biocontrol y biopromotor en vivero de especies forestales. Ciencia e Investigación Forestal, 14(2), 335–345. Retrieved from http://biblioteca.infor.cl/DataFiles/26538.pdf
Sáenz, R. J. T., Villaseñor, R. F. J., Muñoz, F. H. J., Rueda, S. A., & Prieto, R. J. A. (2010). Calidad de planta en viveros forestales de clima templado en Michoacán. Uruapan, Michoacán, México: SAGARPA-INIFAP-CIRPAC-Campo Experimental Uruapan. Retrieved from http://biblioteca.inifap.gob.mx:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1289
Secretaría de Economía. (2016). Norma Mexicana NMX-AA-170-SCFI-2016. Certificación de la operación de viveros forestales. México: Diario Oficial de la Federación. Retrieved from http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5464460&fecha=07/12/2016
Soria, S., Alonso, R., & Bettucci, L. (2012). Endophytic bacteria from Pinus taeda L. as biocontrol agents of Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O´Donnell. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 72(2), 281–284. Retrieved from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?cj12044
Solano-Bonilla, M., & Brenes-Chacón, D. (2012). Evaluación de métodos de curación de sustratos para la prevención del mal de talluelo. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú, 9(2), 63–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v9i22.365
Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute). (2002). The SAS system for windows. Release 9.0. Cary NC, USA: Author.
Swett, C. L., & Gordon, T. R. (2015). Endophytic association of the pine pathogen Fusarium circinatum with corn (Zea mays). Fungal Ecology, 13, 120–129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2014.09.003
Villar, P. S. (2003). Importancia de la calidad de planta en los proyectos de revegetación. In J. M. Rey-Benayas, T. Espigares, & J. M. Nicolau (Eds.), Restauración de ecosistemas mediterráneos (pp. 65–86). España: Universidad de Alcalá-Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre. Retrieved from http://www3.uah.es/pedrovillar/PDF/Texto%20publicado.pdf
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2019 Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente